Novel Oliveros-like Clade C Mammarenaviruses from Rodents in Argentina, 1990-2020.

Following an Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) outbreak in the early 1990s, a rodent survey for Junín virus, a New World Clade B arenavirus, in endemic areas of Argentina was conducted. Since 1990, INEVH has been developing eco-epidemiological surveillance of rodents, inside and outside the Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever endemic area. Samples from rodents captured between 1993 and 2019 that were positive for Arenavirus infection underwent Sanger and unbiased, Illumina-based high-throughput sequencing, which yielded 5 complete and 88 partial Mammarenaviruses genomes. Previously, 11 genomes representing four species of New World arenavirus Clade C existed in public records. This work has generated 13 novel genomes, expanding the New World arenavirus Clade C to 24 total genomes. Additionally, two genomes exhibit sufficient genetic diversity to be considered a new species, as per ICTV guidelines (proposed name Mammarenavirus vellosense). The 13 novel genomes exhibited reassortment between the small and large segments in New World Mammarenaviruses. This work demonstrates that Clade C Mammarenavirus infections circulate broadly among Necromys species in the Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever endemic area; however, the risk for Clade C Mammarenavirus human infection is currently unknown.

Vigilancia de fiebre hemorrágica argentina: FHA / Argentine hemorrhagic fever surveillance

Características generales de la Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina (FHA): Transmisión, presentación clínica, definición de caso sospechoso, tratamiento, medidas de prevención, y situación regional. Se describe el caso confirmado en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.

Seminario Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina en Provincia de Buenos Aires: nuestro desafío

Destinado a todo el personal de salud, Alejandra Rodríguez aborda aspectos epidemiológicos de la Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina, la Dra. Andrea Uboldi diserta sobre la vacuna y la Dra. Alejandra Gaiano sobre los desafíos futuros

[Co-circulation of Junín virus and other mammarenaviruses in a geographical area without confirmed cases of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever]. / Cocirculación de virus Junin y otros mammarenavirus en área geográfica sin casos confirmados de Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina.

Since the identification of Junin virus in the 1950s, many studies were carried out in wild rodents within the endemic area of the Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) that recorded also the activity of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and the Latino virus (LATV). The absence of confirmed cases of AHF since the 1990s in the department of Rio Cuarto, Córdoba province, promoted ecoepidemiological surveillance of infection of Calomys musculinus (Junin virus reservoir) and the search of reservoirs of the other mammarenaviruses. During two years of seasonal sampling, with a capture, mark and release system, 857 rodents were captured, corresponding 57.3% to the rodent reservoirs: C. musculinus, C. venustus and Mus musculus, being the first the most abundant species. Antibodies were detected and the three viral agents were molecularly characterized, showing a prevalence of infection of 3.5% (9/254) for Junin virus, 100% (3/3) for LCMV and 24.1% (21/87) for LATV. In conclusion, we demonstrated Junin virus circulation in its rodent reservoir in a region considered historic for AHF with potential risk for the population and the spatio-temporal co-circulation of the three mammarenaviruses in the central region of Argentina.

Desde la identificación del virus Junin en la década del 50, se realizaron numerosos estudios en roedores silvestres dentro del área endémica de la Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina (FHA) que permitieron registrar, además, actividad del virus de la coriomeningitis linfocitaria (LCMV) y del virus Latino (LATV). La ausencia de casos confirmados de FHA desde la década del 90 en el departamento Río Cuarto, provincia de Córdoba, promovió la vigilancia ecoepidemiológica y de infección del Calomys musculinus (reservorio del virus Junin) y la búsqueda de reservorios e infección de los otros mammarenavirus. Durante dos años de muestreo estacional, con un sistema de captura, marcación y liberación capturamos 857 roedores, que correspondieron 57.3% a los reservorios: C. musculinus (especie más abundante), C. venustus y Mus musculus. Detectamos anticuerpos y caracterizamos molecularmente los tres agentes virales. Observamos una prevalencia de infección de 3.5% (9/254) para virus Junin, 100% (3/3) para LCMV y 24.1% (21/87) para LATV. En conclusión, demostramos circulación de virus Junin en su roedor reservorio, en una región considerada histórica para FHA con riesgo potencial para la población y cocirculación espacio-temporal de los tres mammarenavirus en la región central de Argentina.

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever: A narrative review.

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) is a sporadic high-mortality febrile illness. Two etiological agents are currently recognized: Machupo virus and Chapare virus. Infection in humans occurs by exposure to excreta and secretions of wild native rodents in Bolivia. BHF is considered a severe disease that has three clinical phases: prodromal, hemorrhagic, and convalescent. Unspecific symptoms occur during the first phase, severe hemorrhagic manifestations occur during the second phase, and finally patients who survive experience a slow convalescent phase. The incubation period is variable and depends on host factors, viral pathogenicity, and severity of the disease. The diagnosis is primarily clinical and epidemiological, and though diagnosis should be confirmed by laboratory tests, viral agents of BHF are considered very pathogenic and need to be handled in reference laboratories that are not available in endemic areas. The most recent outbreak was in 2019, in which health-care professionals were infected and is recognized as the first outbreak in La Paz department, Bolivia, a place where no prior cases had been reported. In addition, as tourism and travelling increase in Bolivia, along with ecological practices that could represent a risk for acquiring BHF, travelers could be infected, develop the disease, and be a diagnostic challenge in non endemic countries. No vaccines or antiviral therapies are available and approved for human use. Control measures are focused on peridomicile rodent population eradication which demonstrated efficacy in reducing cases during the first outbreaks.

Clinical features of fatal cases of Chapare virus hemorrhagic fever originating from rural La Paz, Bolivia, 2019: A cluster analysis.

INTRODUCTION: In 2003 an emerging mammarenavirus (formerly arenaviruses) was discovered in Bolivia and named Chapare (CHAPV). It was associated with severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever, being similar in clinical features to Machupo (MACV). In mid-2019, CHAPV was the cause of a cluster of five cases, two of them laboratory confirmed, three of them fatal. Here, we report the main clinical findings, epidemiological features and the potential ecological aspects, of that cluster of cases in rural La Paz, Bolivia. METHODS: For this observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study, information was obtained from the Hospitals and the Ministry of Health for the cases that were laboratory-diagnosed and related, during 2019. RT-PCR was used for the detection of the RNA of CHAPV in the blood samples. RESULTS: Two cases were RT-PCR + for CHAPV. The median age of patients was 42 y-old (IQR 25-45), four out of five were male. All patients were hospitalized, admitted to the ICU and had fever, upper digestive hemorrhage, with two of them, presenting ARDS, and requiring mechanical ventilation. Three patients died (case fatality rate, CFR 60%). CONCLUSIONS: Mammarenaviruses led to a high fatality rate. These cases occurred in areas with suitable ecoepidemiological conditions for rodent-borne diseases, including CHAPV infection. Socioenvironmental and occupational factors in rural areas of Bolivia may contribute with the risk of zoonotic spillover and transmission to humans.

[Spatial difference in the incidence of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever and composition and abundance of rodents in the assemblage]. / Diferencia espacial de la incidencia de fiebre hemorrágica argentina y la composición y abundancia de roedores en el ensamble.

BACKGROUND: The Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) is a zoonotic disease endemic in a wide area of the humid pampa of Argentina. The etiologic agent is the Junin virus that is maintained in the wild by the rodent Calomys musculinus and transmitted to humans, mainly, through aerosols generated from secretions and excretions. AIMS: To characterize and compare the assemblages of small rodent composition and diversity inside the epidemic, historic and non-endemic zone of AHF and to register C. musculinus abundance in each zone and in each area within each zone, registering the prevalence of infection in rodent populations. METHOD: One central and two peripheral areas were delimited to sample rodents in each zone with different incidence of AHF. Thus, 18 localities were selected to do the sampling in two years. Host abundance between zones and among areas inside each zone and among nearby areas between zones were compared applying nested ANOVA's. RESULTS: In each zone, the rodent assemblage showed differences in composition, diversity and numeric representation of C. musculinus. The epidemic zone was the richest of the three, registering also great host abundance; meanwhile in the historic zone, A. azarae was the dominant numeric species with less number of other species. Regarding the non-endemic zone, the assemblage composition and C. musculinus abundance varied respect the sampled year. Junin virus infection was only detected in C. musculinus individuals corresponding to the epidemic zone, with a prevalence of 2.7 and 1.1% for the years 2007 and 2008, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this system, the abundance of C. musculinus could be impacting over the pathogen dynamic, rather than the assemblage diversity or the A. azarae presence.

Diferencia espacial de la incidencia de fiebre hemorrágica argentina y la composición y abundancia de roedores en el ensamble / Spatial difference in the incidence of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever and composition and abundance of rodents in the assemblage

Resumen La fiebre hemorrágica argentina (FHA) es una enfermedad zoonótica endémica en una amplia zona de la pampa húmeda de Argentina. El agente etiológico es el virus Junin que es mantenido en la naturaleza por el roedor Calomys musculinus y transmitido, principalmente, al humano a través de aerosoles generados de las secreciones y excreciones. Objetivos: Caracterizar la composición y diversidad de los ensambles de pequeños roedores, determinar la abundancia del hospedador C. musculinus y la prevalencia del virus de la FHA en las zonas epidémica, histórica y no endémica de dicha enfermedad en Argentina. Métodos: Para el muestreo de roedores en cada una de las zonas se demarcaron un área central y dos periféricas para 18 localidades de la región central de Argentina (incluyendo las provincias de Córdoba, Buenos Aires y Santa Fe) muestreadas en dos años. Se comparó la abundancia de C. musculinus entre zonas y entre las áreas dentro de cada zona y áreas cercanas entre zonas, utilizando modelos de análisis de varianza anidados. Resultados. Dentro de cada zona, el ensamble de roedores mostró diferencia espacial en la composición específica, diversidad y abundancia de C. musculinus. La zona epidémica registró mayor número de especies y mayor abundancia del hospedador. En zona histórica se capturó el menor número de especies (de roedores) y Akodon azarae fue la más abundante. En zona no endémica la composición del ensamble y la abundancia de C. musculinus variaron entre los dos años. Sólo se detectó infección por virus Junin en C. musculinus correspondientes a la zona epidémica con una prevalencia de 2,7 y 1,1% para los años 2007 y 2008, respectivamente. Conclusión: En este sistema, la abundancia del hospedador estaría afectando la dinámica espacial de este virus, más que la diversidad del ensamble o la presencia de A. azarae.

Background. The Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) is a zoonotic disease endemic in a wide area of the humid pampa of Argentina. The etiologic agent is the Junin virus that is maintained in the wild by the rodent Calomys musculinus and transmitted to humans, mainly, through aerosols generated from secretions and excretions. Aims: To characterize and compare the assemblages of small rodent composition and diversity inside the epidemic, historic and non-endemic zone of AHF and to register C. musculinus abundance in each zone and in each area within each zone, registering the prevalence of infection in rodent populations. Method: One central and two peripheral areas were delimited to sample rodents in each zone with different incidence of AHF. Thus, 18 localities were selected to do the sampling in two years. Host abundance between zones and among areas inside each zone and among nearby areas between zones were compared applying nested ANOVA's. Results: In each zone, the rodent assemblage showed differences in composition, diversity and numeric representation of C. musculinus. The epidemic zone was the richest of the three, registering also great host abundance; meanwhile in the historic zone, A. azarae was the dominant numeric species with less number of other species. Regarding the non-endemic zone, the assemblage composition and C. musculinus abundance varied respect the sampled year. Junin virus infection was only detected in C. musculinus individuals corresponding to the epidemic zone, with a prevalence of 2.7 and 1.1% for the years 2007 and 2008, respectively. Conclusion: In this system, the abundance of C. musculinus could be impacting over the pathogen dynamic, rather than the assemblage diversity or the A. azarae presence.

Effective Population Size Differences in Calomys musculinus, the Host of Junín Virus: Their Relationship with the Epidemiological History of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever.

Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is a serious endemic disease in Argentina, produced by Junín virus, whose host is the Sigmodontinae rodent Calomys musculinus. Within the endemic area, human incidence and proportion of infected rodents remains high for 5-10 years after the first appearance of the disease (epidemic [E] zone) and then gradually declines to sporadic cases (historic [H] zone). We tested the hypothesis that host populations within the E zone are large and well connected by gene flow, facilitating the transmission and maintenance of the virus, whereas those in the H and nonendemic (NE) zones are small and isolated, with the opposite effect. We estimated parameters affected by levels of gene flow and population size in 14 populations of C. musculinus: population effective size (Ne), genetic variability, and mean relatedness. Our hypothesis was not supported: the lowest levels of variability and of Ne and the highest genetic relatedness among individuals were found in the H zone. Populations from the NE zone displayed opposite results, whereas those in the E zone showed intermediate values. If we consider that populations are first NE, then E, and finally H, a correlative decrease in Ne was observed. Chronically infected females have a low reproductive success. We propose that this would lower Ne because each cohort would originate from a fraction of females of the previous generation, and affect other factors such as proportion of individuals that develop acute infection, probability of viral transmission, and evolution of virulence, which would explain, at least partly, the changing incidence of AHF.

Fiebre hemorrágica Argentina. Conflictos y desafíos para la ciencia en el ámbito rural / Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Challenges and conflicts for science in rural areas

La fiebre hemorrágica argentina (FHA) es una enfermedad viral aguda grave, detectada en 1955, que está radicada en una zona de intensiva actividad agrícola. Este artículo indaga algunas de las líneas de investigación recientes, con el objetivo de analizar continuidades y rupturas en las prácticas médicas y en los grupos sociales identificados como principales grupos de riesgo de la FHA. Para ello, se realiza un somero recorrido por la historia de la enfermedad, y se explora la trayectoria del centro de salud que concentra las investigaciones, la producción y la distribución de la vacuna, el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas «Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui» (INEVH). A partir de literatura secundaria especializada, fuentes primarias y entrevistas a investigadores y personal del INEVH, se estudia esta trayectoria institucional y los conflictos presentes en su desarrollo, asociados a problemáticas sociales y económicas del medio rural en el que viven y trabajan tanto los médicos y científicos involucrados como la población afectada (AU)

First detected in 1955, the Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is a serious acute viral illness located in an area of intensive agricultural activity. This article enquires into some of the recent lines of investigation with the purpose of analyzing how medical practices have continued or ceased to be implemented as well as determining whether the social groups identified as main risk groups of the AHF have seen any variation. In order to do this, a summary of the disease’s history has been made in addition to an investigation on the trajectory of the viral research laboratory that monopolized the research, production and distribution of the vaccine: the Maiztegui National Human Viral Disease Institute (INEVH). Based on primary as well as secondary sources and interviews with researchers and staff from the INEVH, we have studied its institutional career along with the conflicts that appeared in its development. These are associated with social and economic issues of the rural area where physicians, scientists and the affected population live and work (AU)

Las decisiones políticas y su influencia en los programas de salud / Political decisions and their influence on health programs

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución epidemiológica de cuatro enfermedades de importancia sanitaria para Argentina y observar el impacto que diferentes decisiones político / administrativos / técnicas han tenido en su desarrollo histórico epidemiológico. Analizamos la evolución histórica del Paludismo, Enfermedad de Chagas, Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina (Virus Junín) y Dengue, asociándolos a los diferentes períodos administrativos de gobierno. La incidencia y prevalencia de estas enfermedades se dan fundamentalmente en jurisdicciones que tienen los PBI más bajos, índices generales de educación y desarrollo en los percentiles inferiores y, por lo tanto, las intervenciones dependen fundamentalmente del financiamiento y de la estructura federal. Argentina logró el control de las poblaciones del Aedes aegipty en 1965 y con ello, la suspensión de la ocurrencia de casos de Fiebre Amarilla. Hoy el vector está distribuido más allá de sus fronteras originales produciendo epidemias de Dengue y la retransmisión de Fiebre Amarilla. En Paludismo, de más de 100.000 casos anuales ocurridos durante toda la primera mitad del siglo pasado, se logró bajar la incidencia a poco más de 400 casos en pocos años. Hoy está siendo una amenaza en amplias zonas del Norte y el Litoral de Argentina. De controlar la transmisión vectorial de Chagas, que de unos pocos casos notificados en áreas determinadas en 1996, hoy el número de Chagas agudos vectoriales no deja de aumentar año a año. La excusa más extendida para justificar estos cambios es el calentamiento global, pero podemos afirmar con los datos de nuestro estudio, que mejorando el ambiente político, paso crítico, se pueden alcanzar muchos de los objetivos que han quedado postergados en el área de la salud pública de Argentina. Los argentinos podríamos tener una mejor salud de la que actualmente tenemos si hubiera existido continuidad y estabilidad de las acciones que se desarrollaron en los últimos 60 años. (AU)

The political decision and their influence on health programs development. The objective of this work is to analyze the epidemiological evolution of four diseases in the course of different governmental administrations. We analyzed the historical evolution of the Paludismo, Chagas' disease, Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (Junín Virus) and Dengue. The incidence and prevalence of these diseases occur fundamentally in jurisdictions that have the lowest GDP, education indices and human development are in the lower percentiles and therefore the interventions depend fundamentally on the financing and federal structures. In the analysis of the Argentina diseases profit the control of the Aedes aegipty vector of Yellow Fever and Dengue was controlled in 1965 and the suspension of the occurrence of Yellow Fever was achieved, today, the vector is distributed beyond its original borders producing epidemics of Dengue and the broadcasting of the Yellow Fever. In Paludismo of more than 100,000 cases occurred during the first half of the last century we were able to lower it to a little more of 400 cases in a short period of time, and today is being a threat in wide zones of the Northwest and the Northeast of Argentina. From almost controlling the Chagas vector transmission in 1996, when only a few cases were reported; today, the amount of acute cases rises to nearly more than 60 cases reported per year. The extended excuse of these occurrence is the global warming and we can affirm without being mistaken, with the data of our study, that improving the political atmosphere, will help to achieve many of the objectives that have been delayed in the area of public health in Argentina. We, Argentineans, could have a better health than we have at the moment if it had existed continuity and stability in the actions that were developed in the last 60 years. (AU)

Co-circulation of Clade C New World Arenaviruses: New geographic distribution and host species.

Clade C, of the New World Arenaviruses, is composed of only the Latino and Oliveros viruses and, besides the geographic range of their rodent reservoirs, the distribution of these viruses has been restricted to Bolivia and Argentina. In this study, the genetic detection and phylogenetic analysis of the complete S segment sequences of sympatric arenaviruses from Brazil revealed a new geographic distribution of clade C arenaviruses, as well as the association of Oliveros virus with a new rodent reservoir.

Mission critical: mobilization of essential animal models for Ebola, Nipah, and Machupo virus infections.

The reports for Ebola virus Zaire (EBOV), Nipah virus, and Machupo virus (MACV) pathogenesis, in this issue of Veterinary Pathology, are timely considering recent events, both nationally and internationally. EBOV, Nipah virus, and MACV cause highly lethal infections for which no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed vaccines or therapies exist. Not only are there concerns that these agents could be used by those with malicious intent, but shifts in ecological distribution of viral reservoirs due to climate change or globalization could lead to more frequent infections within remote regions than previously seen as well as outbreaks in more populous areas. The current EBOV epidemic shows no sign of abating across 3 West African nations (as of October 2014), including densely populated areas, far outpacing infection rates of previous outbreaks. A limited number of cases have also arisen in the United States and Europe. With few treatment options for these deadly viruses, development of animal models reflective of human disease is paramount to combat these diseases. As an example of this potential, a new treatment compound, ZMapp, that had demonstrated efficacy against EBOV infection in nonhuman primates (NHPs) received an emergency compassionate use exception from the FDA for the treatment of 2 American medical workers infected with EBOV, and they are currently virus free and recovering.

[Study of sensitivity of laboratory animals to a causative agent of argentine hemorrhagic fever].

AIM: Study sensitivity of laboratory animals to a causative agent ofArgentine hemorrhagic fever. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Junin virus strain XJ P37 was obtained from the State Collection of Causative Agents of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers of the Pathogenicity Group I of Scientific Research Center of the 33rd Central Scientific Research Test Institute (SRC of the 33rd CSRTI). Junin virus strain XJ P37 culture with biological activity of 5.2 1g PFU x ml was used in the experiments. Mice (2 - 4 and 7 - 14 days old), guinea pigs (250 - 300 g), 1.8 - 2.5 kg shinshilla breed rabbits, 2.0 - 3.0 kg javanese macaque monkeys were obtained from vivarium of the SRC of the 33rd CSRTI. Vero (B) and GMK-AH-1 (D) cell cultures were obtained from cell culture collection of the SRC of the 33rd CSRTI. Biological activity calculation of Junin virus was carried out by Kerber in I.P. Amsharin modification. RESULTS: Lethality in animals was from 12.5 to 50% after intranasal and intraperitoneal infection of guinea pigs, intramuscular, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous infection of rabbits, intracerebral and intranasal infection of mice at the doses from 0.4 to 1.0 x 10(5) PFU. Death of infected monkeys after intramuscular administration of the virus at 1.0 x 10(4) PFU dose was not observed. In 100% of surviving animals formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies was registered. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of sensitivity of laboratory animals to Junin virus has shown that intracerebrally infected mice may be used to maintain causative agent culture, infected guinea pigs - to prepare virus-containing cultures and modelling infection exacerbation in humans. Intramuscularly infected rabbits may be used to obtain hyper-immune sera.

[Quali-quantitative study of the social variables defining transmission scenarios of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever in the provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe, 2001-2010]. / Estudio cualicuantitativo de las variables sociales que definen escenarios de transmisión de la fiebre hemorrágica argentina en las provincias de Buenos Aires y Santa Fe, 2001-2010.

The aim of this paper was to characterize transmission scenarios of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever in the post-vaccination period (2001-2010). The study was made up of three phases. The first consisted of a quantitative analysis using the database of the Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui National Institute of Human Viral Diseases [Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas] regarding the confirmed cases in the period of study (221 cases). Taking into account the transmission site and the known endemic area, cases were grouped into three hypothetical transmission scenarios, identified as: a) classical, b) emerging-reemerging, c) traveling. In the second phase, in order to test these hypotheses, in-depth interviews were carried out from August to September 2011 within an intentionally selected sample of patients distributed proportionally among the three hypotheses. Finally, in the third stage, the data obtained for each hypothetical scenario were grouped into three spatiotemporal scales: the microscale (subject), the mesoscale (locality) and macroscale (region). The results show that new transmission sites are associated with the social dynamics of cereal production and port-bound routes.

Estudio cualicuantitativo de las variables sociales que definen escenarios de transmisión de la fiebre hemorrágica argentina en las provincias de Buenos Aires y Santa Fe, 2001-2010 / Quali-quantitative study of the social variables defining transmission scenarios of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever in the provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe, 2001-2010

El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar los escenarios de transmisión de fiebre hemorrágica argentina (FHA) en el período de vacunación (2001-2010). El estudio constó de tres etapas. En la primera, se realizó un análisis cuantitativo de la base de datos del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui" (INEVH) de casos de FHA confirmados en el período (221 casos) que, sobre la base del lugar de transmisión y la zona endémica conocida, se agruparon según tres hipótesis de escenario: clásico, emergente-reemergente, y viajero. En la segunda etapa, para poner a prueba las hipótesis, se realizaron entrevistas en campo, entre agosto y octubre de 2011, a una muestra de selección intencional de pacientes distribuida proporcionalmente entre las tres hipótesis. Finalmente, en una tercera etapa, los datos generados para cada hipótesis de escenario se agruparon en tres escalas espacio-temporales: microescala (sujeto), mesoescala (localidad) y macroescala (región). Los resultados muestran que los nuevos lugares de transmisión estarían asociados a las dinámicas socioproductivas del cereal y las rutas al puerto.

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Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever.

The etiologic agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), Machupo virus (MACV) is reported to have a mortality rate of 25-35%. First identified in 1959, BHF was the cause of a localized outbreak in San Joaquin until rodent population controls were implemented in 1964. The rodent Calomys collosus was identified as the primary vector and reservoir for the virus. Multiple animal models were considered during the 1970s with the most human-like disease identified in Rhesus macaques but minimal characterization of the pathogenesis has been published since. A reemergence of reported BHF cases has been reported in recent years, which necessitates the further study and development of a vaccine to prevent future outbreaks.

[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever].

Analysis of data of the available literature on epidemiology of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, manifestations of human disease, biological properties of the causative agent and development carried out abroad of means and methods of diagnostics, prophylaxis and therapy of this infection that presents a potential threat for the population and economy of the Russian Federation in case of introduction of the causative agent is presented.

Entre controversias científico-médicas y movilizaciones populares. Población epidémica y vacunas contra la fiebre hemorrágica argentina 1958-1990 / Between Medical Scientific Controversies and Mass Mobilizations. Epidemic Population and Argentinian Hemorrhagic Fever Vaccines 1958-1990

La irrupción y la progresiva extensión de una nueva enfermedad epidémica, como ha sido la Fiebre Hemorrágica Argentina, a partir de la década del ’50, impulsó la investigación científica médica con el objetivo fundamental de encontrar una vacuna. En el período 1959-1990 se desarrollaron tres proyectos de vacunas con distintos resultados. El objetivo de este artículo es considerar las conductas asumidas por la población epidémica en torno a las tres vacunas atendiendo a las tensiones existentes entre la población y los médicos e investigadores a cargo de las campañas de vacunación; las pugnas entre los distintos grupos científicos; el rol de la prensa y del estado (AU)

The emergence and gradual extension of a new epidemic disease, as it has been the Haemorrhagic Fever Argentina, from the Decade of the ‘ 50s, prompted the medical scientific research with the aim of finding a vaccine. In the period 1959-1990 developed three projects of vaccines with different results. This article aims to consider the behavior assumed by the epidemic population around the three vaccines in response to the tensions that exist between population and physicians and researchers in charge of vaccination campaigns; the struggles between the various scientific groups; the role of the press and the State (AU)

[Argentine hemorrhagic fever].

Features of the Argentine hemorrhagic fever are described in the review. Epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation and pathogenesis of the disease are examined. Special consideration is given to the features of the pathological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever--the Junin virus. Features of the disease diagnostics are indicated--virological and serological studies, immunochemical and molecular-biological methods of identification of the pathological agent and antibodies against it. Approaches to etiotropic therapy of this disease and vaccination are examined. Based on the foreign experience perspective guidance for the creation of the system of protection of the population of the Russian Federation against Argentine hemorrhagic fever are presented.